Constraining the dark components of the Universe through CMB and Large Scale Structure

Cosmology has come a long way since its inception. Today, Cosmology has become a pre-cision Science in which precise measurements of the sky are possible. The Planck mission was no less than a milestone in our understanding of the Universe. The measurement of the anisotropy in the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) made by Planck placed the standard cosmological model - the ΛCDM - on a firm footing, thereby strongly constraining the Physics of the early universe. Despite its richness and glory, the primary and secondary anisotropies of the CMB are only a part of the cosmic story and it loosely constrains the parameters to which the later evolution of the universe is sensitive. Additionally, the ΛCDM model has little to say about the inflationary epoch of the Universe. The remaining part of the story is hidden in the evolution and istribution of matter perturbations in the Universe and their cross-correlation with measurements of the CMB. Already existing galaxy surveys have put tighter constraints on the parameters of the standard ΛCDM models and, furthermore, prefer the ΛCDM model when additional free parameters are added, such as dark energy or curvature of the Universe. The late-iSW signal in the cross-correlation of temperature and galaxy number count measurement is useful, perhaps also a unique, probe of the fundamental cosmological question concerning the later epoch of the universe. In this thesis, I outline my work for the Euclid experiment which is set to launch in the summer of 2023. In particular, I worked in the MBX Science Working Group of Euclid in the development of the pipeline to search for the signal of the late-iSW effect of CMB in the cross-correlation of CMB with the measurement of galaxy number counts in Euclid. My activities in Euclid concerned the development and analysis of the likelihood code in the end-to-end pipeline. In addition, I also made performance forecasts for Euclid for the late-iSW cross-correlation probe. The developed likelihood has been used to perform the bulk of the validation activity and analysis in the group much of which I have been a part of. I also outline my activity in the development of the likelihood in the official Euclid likelihood interface CLOE. I also elaborate on my activities outside Euclid in exploring the fundamental questions concerning the nature of dark matter, in particular the stability of dark matter in the Universe.La cosmologia ha fatto molta strada dalla sua nascita. Oggi, la cosmologia `e diventata una scienza di precisione in cui misure accurate sono possibili. La missione Planck ha rappresentato una tappa fondamentale nella nostra comprensione dell’Universo. Le misure delle anisotropie della radiazione cosmica di fondo (CMB) hanno consolidato il modello cosmologico standard LambdaCDM, fornendo forti vincoli alla fisica dell’Universo primordiale. Nonostante la ricchezza di informazioni che possiamo ricavarne, le anisotropie della CMB ci permettono di vincolare solo una parte della storia dell’Universo, in quanto ci consentono di porre solo deboli vincoli sui parametri da cui dipende l’evoluzione dell’Universo a tempi pi`u tardi. Inoltre, il modello LambdaCDM non ci dice molto sull’epoca inflazionaria. La parte rimanente della storia `e codificata nell’evoluzione e nella distribuzione della materia nell’Universo, e le loro cross-correlazione con le misure della CMB. Le survey di galassie hanno gi`a migliorato i vincoli ai parametri del modello LCDM e, inoltre, hanno evidenziato una preferenza per il modello LCDM quando altri parametri liberi sono aggiunti, come l’energia oscura o la curvatura dell’Universo. La misura del late-iSW nella cross-correlazione di CMB e galaxy number count `e un’utile, e per certi versi unica, probe per investigare le domande fondamentali riguardanti l’epoca pi`u recente dell’Universo. In questa tesi presento il lavoro che ho svolto durante il mio dottorato per il satellite Euclid, il cui lancio `e programmato per l’estate 2023. In particolare, ho lavorato nel team CMBX Science Working Group di Euclid per lo sviluppo della pipeline per la ricerca del segnale del late iSW nella cross-correlazione tra le misure di CMB e quelle di galaxy number counts di Euclid. La mia attivit`a in Euclid ha riguardato lo sviluppo e l’analisi del codice di likelihood nella pipeine end-to-end. Inoltre, ho effettuato dei forecasts per Euclid sempre nell’ambito della cross-correlazione per lo studio del late-iSW. Lo sviluppo della likelihood `e stato usato per la maggior parte delle attivit`a di validazione e analisi nel gruppo CMBX, a molte delle quali ho preso parte in prima persona. In questa tesi discuto anche la mia attivit`a nello sviluppo della likelihood nell’interfaccia CLOE della likelihood di Euclid. Infine, presento le attivit`a che ho svolto al di fuori di Euclid, in cui ho esplorato alcune domande fondamentali riguardanti la natura della materia oscura, in particolare la sua stabilit`a nell’Universo

Ranging with Synthetic Aperture RADAR

RADAR is an acoustic mechanism for the identification and place, reflecting the message, of destination items such as planes, vessels, satellites, cars, individuals and nature. The radio waves are used for the electromagnetic measurement of the perspective, variety or speed of items. Before and during the Second World War, RADAR was created in numerous countries. The RADAR system uses many specific aspects of electrical engineering technology such as image handling, data processing, waveform structure, electromagnetic dispersion, tracking, data parameter estimation, information collection, antennas, propagation stations, and receivers. Only 110 years earlier the first radar was invented. In the meantime, there were countless apps and scheme ideas were used for the accessible techniques. Speed control, aerial traffic control, synthetic opening radar, aerial and space missions, militaries and remote sensing are the typical apps. Medical radar research is well underway in the identification of breast cancer and in the localization of tumors. Automotive radar is now generated in millions per year to save and autonomous driving. The modern radar scheme ideas will almost encounter a revolution in the next few years. Although the radar systems have progressed considerably, they have not developed over the past 20 years, like communication or other techniques. In a few years, certain fresh techniques will enter the radar structure and revolutionize ideas of the radar scheme. New radar characteristics and methods to signal processing are then possible. 2 | P a g e Si

Template operative note: A better documentation

Operative notes are a valuable part of patient\u27s medical record, and carry the medico-legal significance. One way of improving it is to introduce the template form operative notes. Only few studies have been done worldwide to compare both the forms of operative notes. This cross-sectional study was conducted in the department of General Surgery, AKUH. This included the patients who underwent Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (Complying with inclusion criteria) from August 2013 till March 2014. Out of 24 patients, 19 were females. The completeness of data in template group was significantly better than traditional group (79.2% vs. 8.3%). There was no significant difference among the residents of different level (writing the notes) and the completeness of data in both the groups. Similarly the timing of day did not affect significantly on the completeness

Genomes of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> from native Peruvians suggest admixture of ancestral and modern lineages and reveal a western type cag-pathogenicity island

Background: Helicobacter pylori is presumed to be co-evolved with its human host and is a highly diverse gastric pathogen at genetic levels. Ancient origins of H. pylori in the New World are still debatable. It is not clear how different waves of human migrations in South America contributed to the evolution of strain diversity of H. pylori. The objective of our 'phylogeographic' study was to gain fresh insights into these issues through mapping genetic origins of H. pylori of native Peruvians (of Amerindian ancestry) and their genomic comparison with isolates from Spain, and Japan. Results: For this purpose, we attempted to dissect genetic identity of strains by fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism (FAFLP) analysis, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of the 7 housekeeping genes (atpA, efp, ureI, ppa, mutY, trpC, yphC) and the sequence analyses of the babB adhesin and oipA genes. The whole cag pathogenicity-island (cagPAI) from these strains was analyzed using PCR and the geographic type of cagA phosphorylation motif EPIYA was determined by gene sequencing. We observed that while European genotype (hp-Europe) predominates in native Peruvian strains, approximately 20% of these strains represent a sub-population with an Amerindian ancestry (hsp-Amerind). All of these strains however, irrespective of their ancestral affiliation harbored a complete, 'western' type cagPAI and the motifs surrounding it. This indicates a possible acquisition of cagPAI by the hsp-Amerind strains from the European strains, during decades of co-colonization. Conclusion: Our observations suggest presence of ancestral H. pylori (hsp-Amerind) in Peruvian Amerindians which possibly managed to survive and compete against the Spanish strains that arrived to the New World about 500 years ago. We suggest that this might have happened after native Peruvian H. pylori strains acquired cagPAI sequences, either by new acquisition in cagnegative strains or by recombination in cag positive Amerindian strains

Impact of Organizational Culture on Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction

In this study, the researcher has tried toinvestigate the three types of organizational culture and its impact on jobsatisfaction and employee commitment in Chemical Sector of Karachi. The core objective of the study is toidentify the impact of organizational culture on job satisfaction and employeecommitment in Chemical Sector so as to improve the job satisfaction andcommitment of the employees in their working environment. And research questionis what is the impact of organizational culture on job satisfaction andcommitment of the employees? The study was originated by taking someprevious literatures and tried to find out the research gap. The study wasnever studied in Chemical Sector in Karachi context and this was the mainpurpose and gap for the study. Quantitative research approach was used with 303sample of respondents participated in the study. Data was then collected fromthe Chemical Sector working employees of the Karachi. Reliability was testedthrough reliability test, which shows 89.5% our sample data is reliable. Thisreliability allowed us to further analyze the data. Factor analysis has beenused to shows the independentvariables accuracy of the data. Further Regression analysis has been used todetermine the relationship between supportive organizational culture,innovative organizational culture and bureaucratic organizational culture withjob satisfaction and employee commitment.Keywords: Factor Analysis, Multiple RegressionAnalysis, Supportive culture, Innovative Culture, Bureaucratic Culture, JobSatisfaction and Employee Commitment

Genomes of Helicobacter pylori from native Peruvians suggest admixture of ancestral and modern lineages and reveal a western type cag-pathogenicity island

BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori is presumed to be co-evolved with its human host and is a highly diverse gastric pathogen at genetic levels. Ancient origins of H. pylori in the New World are still debatable. It is not clear how different waves of human migrations in South America contributed to the evolution of strain diversity of H. pylori. The objective of our 'phylogeographic' study was to gain fresh insights into these issues through mapping genetic origins of H. pylori of native Peruvians (of Amerindian ancestry) and their genomic comparison with isolates from Spain, and Japan. RESULTS: For this purpose, we attempted to dissect genetic identity of strains by fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism (FAFLP) analysis, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of the 7 housekeeping genes (atpA, efp, ureI, ppa, mutY, trpC, yphC) and the sequence analyses of the babB adhesin and oipA genes. The whole cag pathogenicity-island (cagPAI) from these strains was analyzed using PCR and the geographic type of cagA phosphorylation motif EPIYA was determined by gene sequencing. We observed that while European genotype (hp-Europe) predominates in native Peruvian strains, approximately 20% of these strains represent a sub-population with an Amerindian ancestry (hsp-Amerind). All of these strains however, irrespective of their ancestral affiliation harbored a complete, 'western' type cagPAI and the motifs surrounding it. This indicates a possible acquisition of cagPAI by the hsp-Amerind strains from the European strains, during decades of co-colonization. CONCLUSION: Our observations suggest presence of ancestral H. pylori (hsp-Amerind) in Peruvian Amerindians which possibly managed to survive and compete against the Spanish strains that arrived to the New World about 500 years ago. We suggest that this might have happened after native Peruvian H. pylori strains acquired cagPAI sequences, either by new acquisition in cag-negative strains or by recombination in cag positive Amerindian strains

Ancestral European roots of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> in India

Background. The human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori is co-evolved with its host and therefore, origins and expansion of multiple populations and sub populations of H. pylori mirror ancient human migrations. Ancestral origins of H. pylori in the vast Indian subcontinent are debatable. It is not clear how different waves of human migrations in South Asia shaped the population structure of H. pylori. We tried to address these issues through mapping genetic origins of present day H. pylori in India and their genomic comparison with hundreds of isolates from different geographic regions. Results. We attempted to dissect genetic identity of strains by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of the 7 housekeeping genes (atpA, efp, ureI, ppa, mutY, trpC, yphC) and phylogeographic analysis of haplotypes using MEGA and NETWORK software while incorporating DNA sequences and genotyping data of whole cag pathogenicity-islands (cagPAI). The distribution of cagPAI genes within these strains was analyzed by using PCR and the geographic type of cagA phosphorylation motif EPIYA was determined by gene sequencing. All the isolates analyzed revealed European ancestry and belonged to H. pylori sub-population, hpEurope. The cagPAI harbored by Indian strains revealed European features upon PCR based analysis and whole PAI sequencing. Conclusion. These observations suggest that H. pylori strains in India share ancestral origins with their European counterparts. Further, non-existence of other sub-populations such as hpAfrica and hpEastAsia, at least in our collection of isolates, suggest that the hpEurope strains enjoyed a special fitness advantage in Indian stomachs to out-compete any endogenous strains. These results also might support hypotheses related to gene flow in India through Indo-Aryans and arrival of Neolithic practices and languages from the Fertile Crescent

Ancestral European roots of Helicobacter pylori in India

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The human gastric pathogen <it>Helicobacter pylori </it>is co-evolved with its host and therefore, origins and expansion of multiple populations and sub populations of <it>H. pylori </it>mirror ancient human migrations. Ancestral origins of <it>H. pylori </it>in the vast Indian subcontinent are debatable. It is not clear how different waves of human migrations in South Asia shaped the population structure of <it>H. pylori</it>. We tried to address these issues through mapping genetic origins of present day <it>H. pylori </it>in India and their genomic comparison with hundreds of isolates from different geographic regions.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We attempted to dissect genetic identity of strains by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of the 7 housekeeping genes (<it>atp</it>A, <it>efp</it>, <it>ure</it>I, <it>ppa</it>, <it>mut</it>Y, <it>trp</it>C, <it>yph</it>C) and phylogeographic analysis of haplotypes using MEGA and NETWORK software while incorporating DNA sequences and genotyping data of whole <it>cag </it>pathogenicity-islands (<it>cag</it>PAI). The distribution of <it>cag</it>PAI genes within these strains was analyzed by using PCR and the geographic type of <it>cag</it>A phosphorylation motif EPIYA was determined by gene sequencing. All the isolates analyzed revealed European ancestry and belonged to <it>H. pylori </it>sub-population, hpEurope. The <it>cag</it>PAI harbored by Indian strains revealed European features upon PCR based analysis and whole PAI sequencing.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>These observations suggest that <it>H. pylori </it>strains in India share ancestral origins with their European counterparts. Further, non-existence of other sub-populations such as hpAfrica and hpEastAsia, at least in our collection of isolates, suggest that the hpEurope strains enjoyed a special fitness advantage in Indian stomachs to out-compete any endogenous strains. These results also might support hypotheses related to gene flow in India through Indo-Aryans and arrival of Neolithic practices and languages from the Fertile Crescent.</p